Traumatic rupture of liver hydatid cysts into the peritoneal cavity of an 11-year-old boy: a case report from Iran

Abstract This is the first published case report of an 11-year-old patient with a rupture of a liver hydatid cyst (HC) into the peritoneal cavity after an abdominal trauma in Iran. The disease was diagnosed using focused abdominal sonography for trauma. To date, no cases of traumatic ruptures of liver HCs in children have been reported in Iran. In the endemic regions of the world, where patients suffer from a history of trauma and constant abdominal symptoms or anaphylactic shock, early diagnosis of HC is crucial as it may disseminate to other organs. The condition needs conservative surgery and follow-up.

Utilidad de la CPRE en el diagnóstico y manejo de las complicaciones biliares de la enfermedad hidatídica hepática / Endoscopic colangiopancreatography utility in the diagnosis and management of biliary complications of hepatic hydatid disease

Objetivo Presentar la experiencia sobre la utilidad de la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) en el manejo pre- y postoperatorio de pacientes con hidatidosis hepática complicada. Material y método Serie de casos de carácter retrospectivo de 14 pacientes sometidos a CPRE en el Servicio de Cirugía y Endoscopía del Hospital Regional de Coyhaique, desde enero de 2005 a diciembre de 2014. En esta presentación se separan a los pacientes en los cuales la CPRE fue utilizada como diagnóstico de aquellos en los que se utilizó como manejo de la fístula biliar externa. Los pacientes después del alta fueron controlados al mes, 3, 6 meses, para posteriormente realizarlo anualmente. Resultados Hubo 5 pacientes sometidos a CPRE en el preoperatorio. El motivo de consulta fue ictericia y dolor. En todos se encontraron membranas hidatídicas las cuales fueron extraídas. Se realizó esfinterotomía en todos ellos y en solo uno se dejó endoprótesis. Cuatro pacientes fueron estabilizados y operados de manera programada y solo uno no requirió de intervención. En los 9 pacientes con fístula biliar externa, débito > 200 ml, se realizó CPRE en el postoperatorio. El tamaño promedio del quiste fue de 12 cm y 2/3 de ellos eran multivesiculares. La técnica realizada fue quistectomía parcial y en 4/9 se llevó a cabo mediante videolaparoscopía. La indicación de la CPRE se efectúo a los 20 días y el débito promedio fue de 498 ml/día. En todos se realizó esfinterotomía con instalación de endoprótesis. El cierre de la fístula biliar externa aconteció a los 28 días. El seguimiento promedio alcanzó los 6 años y no existió mortalidad en la presente serie. Conclusión Este estudio confirma que la CPRE es un procedimiento útil y seguro en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las complicaciones biliares de la hidatidosis hepática.

Aim To report the experience with endoscopic colangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the pre and postoperative management of complicated liver hydatidosis. Material and methods Case series retrospective of 14 patients who underwent ERCP in the Department of Surgery and Endoscopy Regional Hospital of Coyhaique, from January 2005 to December 2014. In this presentation, patients are separated in whom ERCP was used as diagnosis of those in which was used as handling external biliary fistula. Patients after discharge were monitored per month, 3, 6 months later to realize it annually Results Five patients consulting for jaundice and pain were subjected to ERCP in the preoperative period. Hydatid membranes were found and extracted in all. A sphincterotomy was performed in all and an endoprosthesis was placed in one. Four patients were operated posteriorly and only one did not require surgery. On 9 patients with an external biliary fistula draining more than 200 ml/day, a postoperative ERCP was carried out. The mean sized of the cyst was 12 cm and two thirds were multi-vesicular. The surgical procedure was a partial cystectomy and in four it was laparoscopic. The mean output of fistulae was 498 ml/day. The ERCP was carried out in the twentieth postoperative day, performing a sphincterotomy and placing an endoprosthesis in all. Fistulae closed at 28 days. Patients were followed for six years and none died. Conclusions ERCP is safe and useful for the diagnosis and management of biliary complications of liver hydatidosis.

Abordaje transtorácico para la hidatidosis pulmonar derecha y hepática concomitante / Transthoracic approach for concurrent right lung and liver hydatid cysts

Introduction: Pulmonary and hepatic hydatid disease occurs concomitantly in 4 to 33 percent of cases. When the condition is localized in the right lung and liver dome surgical resolution in one time is possible. Objective: To describe the transthoracic-transfrenic approach and review the available literature. Material and Methods: We report two cases operated at our institution through a right posterolateral thoracotomy and frenotomy in one stage, with uneventful postoperative evolution. A systematic review of the literature was conducted in the PubMed database period 1990-2011. Five studies met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: Transthoracic-transfrenic approach is feasible and safe, allowing the surgical resolution in one time through a single incision, without another anesthetic procedure or subsequent laparotomy, with low morbidity and mortality.

Introducción: La hidatidosis pulmonar y hepática concomitante se presenta en el 4 a 33 porciento de los casos. Cuando la afección está localizada en el pulmón derecho y el domo hepático la resolución quirúrgica en un tiempo es posible. Objetivo: Describir el abordaje transtorácico-transfrénico y revisar la literatura disponible. Material y Métodos: Se presentan dos casos clínicos resueltos quirúrgicamente en nuestro centro a través de toracotomía posterolateral derecha y frenotomía en un tiempo, con evolución satisfactoria sin complicaciones. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en la base de datos PubMed, período 1990-2011. Cinco estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Conclusiones: El abordaje transtorácico-transfrénico es factible y seguro, permitiendo la resolución en un tiempo quirúrgico a través de una sola incisión, sin necesidad de otro evento anestésico ni de una laparotomía posterior, con baja morbilidad y mortalidad.

Embolization of ruptured hepatic hydatid cyst to pulmonary artery in an elderly patient. Multidetector computed tomography findings

Pulmonary embolism due to hydatid disease is an unusual condition resulting from the rupture of a hydatic heart cyst or the opening of liver hydatidosis into the venous circulation. A 78-year old male patient complaining of dyspnea, cough and severe chest pain was admitted to our emergency department. A multidetector computed tomography of the chest revealed the presence of multiple nodules in both lungs especially in left and multiple hypodense filling defect in left main pulmonary artery and its branches. In addition, coronal reformatted multidetector computed tomography images also showed two hypodense cystic parenchymal masses on the left lobe of the liver with a cystic embolus in the right atrium. Pulmonary embolism should be kept in mind in patients who have hepatic hydatidosis if suddenly chest pain and dyspnoea occurs, especially in regions where hydatidosis is endemic

A Case of Budd-Chiari Syndrome Associated with Alveolar Echinococcosis

Although alveolar echinococcosis (AE) can cause a serious disease with high mortality and morbidity similar to malign neoplasms. A 62-year-old woman admitted to a hospital located in Sivas, Turkey, with the complaints of fatigue and right upper abdominal pain. On contrast abdominal CT, a 54x70x45 mm sized cystic lesion was detected in the left lobe of the liver that was seen to extend to the posterior mediastinum and invade the diaphragm, esophagus, and pericardium. The cystic lesion was seen to be occluding the inferior vena cava and left hepatic vein at the level where the hepatic veins poured into the inferior vena cava. Bilateral pleural effusion was also detected. We discussed this secondary Budd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS) case, resulting from the AE occlusion of the left hepatic vein and inferior vena cava, in light of the information in literature.

Rupture of Right Hepatic Duct into Hydatid Cyst

Echinococcal disease can develop anywhere in the human body. The liver represents its most frequent location. Hepatic hydatid cysts may rupture into the biliary tract, thorax, peritoneum, viscera, digestive tract or skin. We report a rare case with rupture of the right hepatic duct into a hydatid cyst in a woman with known hydatid disease and choledocholithiasis. The increased intra-luminal pressure in the biliary tree caused the rupture into the adjacent hydatid cyst. The creation of the fistula between the right hepatic duct and the hydatid cyst decompressed the biliary tree, decreased the bilirubin levels and offered a temporary resolution of the obstructive jaundice. Rupture of a hydatid cyst into the biliary tree usually leads to biliary colic, cholangitis and jaundice. However, in case of obstructive jaundice due to choledocholithiasis, it is possible that the cyst may rupture by other way around while offering the patient a temporary relief from his symptoms.

Reacción anafiláctica secundaria a quiste hidatídico hepático roto / Anaphylactic reaction secondary to a ruptured liver hydatid cyst: case report

We report a four years old girl consulting in the emergency room for severe abdominal pain and vomiting secondary to a blunt abdominal trauma during a bicycling accident. A chest and abdomen CAT scan showed ruptured hydatid cysts in the lung and liver and free intraperitoneal fluid. During evolution, the patient developed respiratory distress, bronchial obstruction, a papular exanthema and edema. Due to lack of response to steroids, she was operated excising the ruptured hepatic cyst and performing a peritoneal lavage. The patient had a good postoperative evolution. In a second surgical procedure, the lung cyst was excised. The patient is currently receiving albendazole and is asymptomatic after nine months of follow up.

La hidatidosis es una enfermedad parasitaria, zoonótica y endémica de gran importancia en nuestro país. El quiste hidatídico no complicado suele ser asintomático y es más frecuente encontrarlo en población adulta, siendo infrecuente su diagnóstico en la población pediátrica. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 4 años de edad derivada al Servicio de Urgencia del Hospital de Chillán por cuadro de abdomen agudo posterior a trauma abdominal con manubrio de bicicleta, cuyo estudio tomográfico reveló la presencia de quiste hidatídico hepático y pulmonar rotos, que evoluciona con reacción anafiláctica secundaria.

Quiste hidatídico hepático complicado con invasión a vena cava inferior y embolización de membranas hidatídicas a aurícula derecha: caso clínico / Hepatic hydatid cyst invading inferior vena cava with embolic membranes to right atrium: report of one case

We report a 30 year old female admitted with a story of right upper quadrant pain and previous hepatic surgery for hydatid disease. A thoracoabdominal angio CAT sean and transesophageal echocardiogram revealed a mass located in the right atrium. The patient was operated and the right atrial mass was excised. Pathological study of the surgical piece confirmed a hydatid cyst. Post operative recovery was uneventful.

La hidatidosis es una zoonosis parasitaria, de mayor incidencia en el sur de Chile. Su localización más frecuente es hepática y pulmonar. Sus complicaciones derivan de su crecimiento y afección de estructuras adyacentes o de su ruptura a cavidades. Presentamos un caso de quiste hidatídico hepático complicado, en una paciente que debutó con cuadro de dolor abdominal localizado en hipocondrio derecho producto de una lesión quística hepática con comunicación a vena cava inferior, siendo intervenida en su hospital de origen. Posteriormente AngioTAC y ecocardiografía transesofágica confirmaron masa intra auricular. Se realizó extracción de la masa bajo paro circulatorio con hipotermia profunda, correspondía a membranas hidatídicas y trombos adheridos a ella. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente.

Tránsito hepatotorácico, complicación evolutiva de la hidatidosis hepática: características clínicas y morbilidad de una serie prospectiva de pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente / Hepatothoracic transit, evolutionary complications of hepatic echinoccocosis

Introduction: Hepatothoracic transit (HTT) is one of the evolutionary complications of hepatic echinoccocosis (HH). The aim of this study is to describe clinical characteristics and morbidity of a series of patients with HTT surgically treated. Material and Methods: Prospective series of cases. Patients operated by HTT between 1997 and 2007 in Regional Hospital of Temuco, Chile, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months and clinical controls at months 1,6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60. End point was "development of morbidity". Descriptive statistic was used, applying central tendency and dispersion measured. In addition confidence intervals of 95 percent was calculated. Results: The series is composed by 23 patients with HTT with a median age of 48 years (16 to 75 years) and 56 percent femenine. Median cyst diameter was 20 cm (8 to 30 cm) 78.3 percent of the lesions were located in the right lobe of the liver. The most frequent surgical technique used was subtotal cystectomy (78.3 percent); residual cavity were treated preferably by capitonage (30.4 percent) or epiploplasty (34.8 percent). With a median follow-up of 71 months (12 to 122 months), one verified that no patient required surgical reintervencion; mortality rate was 4.3 percent (one patient) and registered morbidity was 26.0 percent (6 patients). Conclusion: HTT is associated to considerable values of post-operative morbidity and mortality.

Introducción: Una de las complicaciones evolutivas de la hidatidosis hepática (HH) es el tránsito hepatotorácico (THT). El objetivo de este estudio es describir características clínicas y morbilidad de una serie de pacientes con THT intervenidos quirúrgicamente. Material y Método: Serie de casos prospectiva. Pacientes intervenidos por THT entre 1997 y 2007 en el Hospital Regional de Temuco, Chile, con seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses y controles clínicos en los meses 1, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 y 60. La variable resultado fue "desarrollo de morbilidad". Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, aplicando medidas de tendencia central y dispersión e intervalos de confianza del 95 por ciento. Resultados: La serie está compuesta por 23 pacientes con THT, con una mediana de edad 48 años (16 a 75 años) y 56 por ciento de género femenino. El diámetro quístico tuvo una mediana de 20 cm (8 a 30 cm), y el 78,3 por ciento de ellos se localizó en el lóbulo derecho del hígado. La técnica quirúrgica utilizada con mayor frecuencia fue quistectomía subtotal (78,3 por ciento); la cavidad residual se trató preferentemente mediante capitonaje (30,4 por ciento) o epiploplastía (34,8 por ciento). Con una mediana de seguimiento de 71 meses (12 a 122 meses), se verificó que: ningún paciente requirió de reintervención quirúrgica; se registró una morbilidad de 26,0 por ciento (6 pacientes) y una mortalidad de 4,3 por ciento (un paciente). Conclusión: El THT es una entidad asociada a morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatoria relevante.

¿Es la comunicación quisto-biliar, un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de morbilidad postoperatoria en pacientes con hidatidosis hepática? / Intrabiliary rupture of hydatid cysts as a risk factor for postoperative complications

Background: Intrabiliary rupture is a complication of hepatic hydatid cysts. Aim: To determine if intrabiliary rupture is a risk factor for postoperative complications of hydatid cysts. Material and Methods: Prospective follow up of patients operated for hepatic hydatid cysts between 1996 and 2006. Patients were evaluated every six months during the first years and every 12 months thereafter. The presence of intrabiliary rupture was evaluated as a risk factor to develop complications during the follow up. Results: Ninety six patients with and 156 patients without intrabiliary rupture, 56 percent females, aged 42 years, were followed for a mean of 86.5 months. The overall incidence of complications was 17 percent. The incidence in patients with and without intrabiliary rupture was 9,4 and 21,8 percent respectively (p = 0.01). The bivariate analysis showed differences between patients with and without complications in leukocyte count, serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatases, transaminases, cyst diameter, hospital stay and cyst complications. The relative risk for complications of intrabiliary rupture was 3,4 (95 percent confidence intervals 2,6-4,2). Conclusions: The presence of intrabiliary rupture of a hepatic hydatid cyst is an independent risk factor for the development of complications in the postoperative period.

Introducción: Una de las complicaciones evolutivas de la hidatidosis hepática (HH) es la comunicación quisto-biliar (CQB). El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si la CQB es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de morbilidad postoperatoria en pacientes con HH. Material y Método: Estudio de cohorte prospectiva. Pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por HH entre 1996 y 2006 en el Hospital Regional de Temuco, Chile, con seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses y controles clínicos en los meses 1,6, 12, 24, 36, 48 y 60. La variable resultado fue "desarrollo de morbilidad postoperatoria", considerada de forma dicotómica. La variable de exposición fue presencia de CQB; analizada en forma dicotómica (CQB presente o ausente); y según el número de CQB (sin CQB, con una CQB y con dos o más CQB). El tamaño de la muestra fue estimado en base a intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento, un poder de 80 por ciento, relación pacientes con CQB: sin CQB de 1:1; proporción de morbilidad postoperatoria en pacientes con CQB de 30 por ciento, y de 14 por ciento en pacientes sin CQB. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, análisis bivariados y multivariados, con modelos de regresión logística ordinal; de este modo se calcularon riesgos relativos (RR) y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95 por ciento (IC). Resultados: Las cohortes están compuestas por 96 pacientes sin CQB (38,1 por ciento) y 156 pacientes con CQB (61,9 por ciento). Se caracterizan por una mediana de edad de 42 años; 56,4 por ciento de género femenino, una mediana de diámetro quístico y de seguimiento de 15 cm y 86,5 meses respectivamente. Se verificó un 17,1 por ciento de morbilidad. La morbilidad del grupo sin CQB fue de 9,4 por ciento y del grupo con CQB de 21,8 por ciento (p = 0,011). Del análisis bivariado destacan diferencias entre grupos en las variables recuento de leucocitos, bilirrubina, fosfatasa alcalina, transaminasas, diámetro del quiste, estancia hospitalaria y existencia de complicación del quiste (p < 0,01). Se verificó un RR de 3,4 (IC de 2,64, 4,18) para la comparación de subgrupos sin CQB o con dos o más CQB (p < 0,001). Conclusión: La presencia de dos o más CQB constituye un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de morbilidad postoperatoria en pacientes con HH.

Hepatic hydatid cyst rupture and anaphylaxis after a fall.

A 15-year-old boy presented to the emergency unit complaining of dyspnea, urticaria and vomiting developed after he fell down when he was playing football. Abdominal ultrasound showed a ruptured hydatid cyst in the right lobe of the liver which was of communicating type. Echinococcus granulosus serologic tests were positive. Medical treatment was started immediately. One week later, follow up US showed no changes in the findings. Intrabdominal fluid leakage was not detected. Patient's general condition showed improvement and he was discharged 12 days later.

[Budd-chiari syndrome a rare complication of hepatic echinococcosis; about 3 cases]

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation due to the development of echinococcus granulosus in the organism. This disease is particularly frequent in Tunisia where echinococcosis is endemic. Liver is the most common organ to be involved by hydatidosis and several complications have been described. Vascular complications secondary to hepatic echinococcosis such as Budd-Chiari syndrome have rarely been reported. We present herein, three rare cases of hydatid cyst complicated by Budd-Chiari syndrome. The cyst occupied at least two segments of the hepatic dome in all patients and his diameter was 12, 5 cm, 21 cm and 12, 5 cm respectively. According to the Gharbi classification, the cysts were type III in one case and type IV in the two others. The Budd-Chiari syndrome was chronic in one patient and asymptomatic in the two others. His diagnosis was established by abdominal US in two cases, completed by US Doppler and CT angiogram in one patient and by CT angiogram in the other. The diagnosis was established only by CT angiogram in the later case. The Budd-Chiari syndrome was due to compression of two hepatic veins in one case, compression of inferior vena cava in one case and compression of one hepatic vein and inferior vena cava in one case. Laparotomy was performed in all patients. The surgical procedure consisted in resection of the protruding hepatic tissue after puncture aspiration of the cyst in the three cases. The postoperative period was complicated by abscess formation in residual cavity, requiring drainage and by development of ascitis, in one case. Hydatid cyst should be remembered amongst the causes of Budd-Chiari syndrome in countries where the disease is endemic. Conversely, this vascular complication should be looked for routinely in patients with hydatid disease of the liver

First Successful Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, and Re-Aspiration of Hydatid Cyst in the Liver Presenting with Anaphylactic Shock in Korea

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation caused by the larval form of Echinocococcus. In human, the most commonly affected organs are liver and lung. Most cysts remain clinically silent and are diagnosed incidentally or when complications occur. In Korea, hydatid disease is rare and surgically treated cases have been reported in the Korean literature. However, it is expected to confront this disease sooner or later, because of recent increase in traveling to the endemic area and industrial workers originating from those areas. With this trend, we experienced a case of hydatid cyst of the liver in a male patient from Uzbekistan. This patient was presented with anaphylactic shock combined with hydatid cyst. We successfully treated using ultrasound-guided transhepatic percutaneous drainage [termed puncture, aspiration, injection, and re-aspiration (PAIR)] of the hydatid cyst and concomitant albendazole instead of surgery. In this clinical case report, we describe all the course of the patient and recommend the PAIR as a first choice method for treatment of hepatic hydatid cyst.

Endoscopic treatment of a bronchobiliary fistula due to complicated hydatid cyst after surgical intervention: a case report

Hydatid cyst is an infectious parasitic disease often caused by Echinococcus granulosus, or to a lesser extent by Echinococcus alveolaris. The liver is the organ most frequently involved. We report a case with hydatid cyst of the liver and lung that many years after surgery developed bronchobiliary fistula and biloptysis. The patient had been operated 2 times previously but yet the problem was present. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP] was used successfully for treatment. We present the result of ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy in the management of biliary hydatid disease. Bronchopleural fistula after hydatid cyst surgery could be cured by ERCP and sphincterotomy with or without stent insertion

Life threatening liver laceration with arteria; hemorrhage complicating percutaneous treatment of hepatic hydatid cyst

We present a 76-year-old woman known to have a large right hepatic lobe hydatid cyst which recurred twice after surgical excision. CT-guided percutaneous alcohol ablation was conducted to scleroses the cyst, but the procedure was complicated by parenchyma liver laceration and active arterial hemorrhage from a branch of the right hepatic artery. Bleeding was controlled by both endovascular and surgical interventions. Liver laceration with arterial hemorrhage is a rare not previously reported serious complication of percutaneous treatment of hepatic hydatid cyst that may be potentially life-threatening

Surgical management of hepatic hydatid cyst in children

To know the effectiveness of removal of hydatid cyst of liver along with pericyst [pericystectomy] as operative treatment, in terms of intra-operative and post-operative complications in the pediatric age group. This study was conducted on paediatric patients with liver hydatid cysts at Department of Paediatric Surgery, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from January 2000 to December 2006. All patients with ultrasound findings for hydatid cyst disease of the liver were included in the study. They were evaluated according to age, clinical presentation, ultrasound and CT scan findings for operative management. After Laparatomy through right transverse incision, half of the contents of the cyst were aspirated, refilled with hypertonic saline solution of the aspirated volume and after waiting for five minutes Pericystectomy was carried out, followed by careful examination and stoppage of any leakage of blood or bile from the residual cavity. In infected cases the cavity was drained. Out of 21 paediatric patients operated for liver hydatid cysts during the study period, 11[52.4%] were girls and 10 [47.6%] were boys, with age ranging from 4 to 15 years. Cystectomy with tube drainage was performed in 20 patients while in one patient de-roofing was performed because of rupture. Hypertonic saline was used as a scoliocidal agent. There was no operative mortality. The mean hospital stay was 6.5+3.8 days. Recurrence after operation was seen in one [4.8%] patient. Hepatic hydatid cysts in children can be treated successfully by peri-cystectomy